Salmonella bacteria is a microscopic single-cell microorganism found in the intestines of animals and humans. It is transmitted from the feces of an infected person or animal to humans or other healthy animals. Salmonella includes more than 2,300 strains that have the ability to infect humans and animals, but the common ones as a pathogen are confined to a number of strains, the most important of which is the Salmonella typhimurium strain (Salmonella typhimurium) and Salmonella enteritidis (Salmonella), which account for nearly half of the human infections. With salmonella infection, and strains that show symptoms of disease in animals, they can cause disease in humans, and vice versa.(¹) Salmonella disease or infection has been known for 100 years or more, and was discovered by an American scientist called Dr. Daniel Salmon.(²)
Salmonella bacteria symptoms
The most common symptoms of salmonella are infection in the digestive system that appears as diarrhea, and may be bloody sometimes (called “dysentery”), generally accompanied by high body temperature, nausea and vomiting. The main risk is lack of fluid and decreased urination, dry skin, tongue and mucous membranes, weakness, and sometimes dizziness. After a week, the diarrhea goes away on its own.Sometimes, the germ spreads and reaches the bloodstream, causing a general infection, called sepsis (septicemia). This phenomenon mainly occurs when there are background diseases, such as an infection in the immune system, treatment with drugs that suppress the body’s immunity, absence of the spleen and in infants of a few months Blood contamination appears as a rise in body temperature and is sometimes accompanied by chills and general weakness.(³)
How is the infection transmitted with salmonella
Infection with this bacterium is orally (orally), in general, through the ingestion of food and / or water contaminated with the virus. This germ can contaminate food and poison it in a way that affects thousands of patients. If the germ spreads into the bloodstream, it is able to cause local infections outside the digestive system, such as infections in the bones, joints, meningitides and pericarditis.(³)
Sources of salmonella bacteria:
Salmonella bacteria live in the digestive tract of humans, animals, and birds, and from there it spreads to meat, tools and hands during slaughter and the subsequent handling processes. A person usually becomes infected after consuming meat and other foods contaminated with it.
And food can be exposed to salmonella bacteria when it is handled by people who have no interest in hygiene in general and to clean their hands after using the toilets in particular.
Among the most dangerous types of infections is pollution resulting from mixing some separate liquids from uncooked poultry meat with ready-to-eat food, and therefore it is always recommended to wash hands with soap and water for those who deal with food, especially people with diarrhea or even those who deal with reptiles and birds even if these animals are healthy and not She shows symptoms of the disease. (⁴)
The most important carrier foods for salmonella:
It was also indicated that all raw “uncooked” foods such as meat, poultry, eggs, foods containing eggs, mayonnaise, dairy products (soft cheeses, ice cream, powdered milk … etc.), seafood, vegetables and fruits may carry salmonella bacteria, and the main reason that makes these foods a carrier for these bacteria.
And the cause of infection is not to deal with it in a healthy and safe manner, starting from its preparation and preparation and reaching the cooking stage, with which the temperature must have reached the food center to the appropriate level to eliminate all the living stages of these bacteria.
in addition to that care must be taken so that there is no contact between the food that cooked with raw food or uncooked poultry to prevent the transmission of these bacteria and the occurrence of what is known as cross contamination(⁴).
The extent of the spread of Salmonella in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Salmonella is a pathogenic bacteria that is one of the main causes of foodborne illness. Types of foods such as eggs, poultry, fruits, vegetables, and processed foods can contain bacteria. Reports also indicate an estimated 1.35 million human infections with the bacteria annually in the United States, which results in 26,500 hospitalizations and 420 deaths there. So far, data on the prevalence and type of salmonella infection and its type in Saudi Arabia are still scarce. Recently, however, researchers including Majid Al-Gharibi and Michael Doumit at CEMark’s Infectious Diseases Research Division, along with colleagues in Canada, have begun to address this knowledge gap. (⁵)
“Our study is the first of its kind to investigate the prevalence of serotypes related to human infection with salmonella bacteria in Saudi Arabia, and these types are groups of bacteria that share distinct surface structures,” said Tasin Deesen, a research correspondent at the University of Saskatchewan. “Along with other research studies currently being conducted at CEMARK’s Infectious Diseases Research Division, our findings will lead to the introduction of better intervention and control measures in the country, which should lead to fewer human infections and provide a safer food supply,” he adds.
The team conducted analyzes of 200 samples of salmonella, which were isolated in clinical trials and were collected between 2015 and 2017 in a hospital in Riyadh. Samples were taken from patients suffering from symptoms ranging from gastrointestinal diseases to widespread infection throughout the body (inclusive). The researchers used a rapid test kit called Check and Trace Salmonella ™, and found that the “intestinal inflammatory salmonella” type was the most prevalent (40%), followed by the “salmonella typhimurium” type (13.5%), and then three other serotypes: Salmonella Livingston (5%), S. Kentucky and Salmonella Boona (both 4.5%). Since “salmonella enteritis” and “salmonella typhimurium” are the two most common serotypes in other regions of the world, including the United States and Europe, Diesen says the results are consistent with global data on salmonella serotypes, although he cautions about Further testing is required based on data collected at the local level to confirm that this is indeed the case.(⁶)
The researchers say that nationwide disparities in the prevalence of less common serotypes can be attributed to differences in eating habits, geographic location and climate. The research team examined the samples to detect the presence of two determinants that determine the severity of the bacterium (virulence), which are characteristic of salmonella infection. “Most of the strains we examined contained these determinants called ‘SPI-1’ and ‘SPI-2,’” Desain explains. He adds, “We found that SPI-2 was not present in some strains that did not cause a global infection.” This observation is in line with previous studies indicating the participation of SPI-2 in the overall proliferation and survival of the bacteria in the host organs.
On the other hand, the role played by the SPI-1 determinant appears to be less clear. That role has been under discussion after a study by Chinghua 2 and his colleagues showed that the SPI-1 identifier was not present in two strains isolated from an outbreak in Shenzhen, China, in 2002.(⁶) It can be said that the study’s discovery of the presence of the “Salmonella Kentucky” strain, which is resistant to multiple drugs for the first time in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is alarming, and poses challenges to physicians, whose options regarding available treatments are limited. On that, Diesen says: “It is of utmost importance that our research will enable us to create a database that includes the antibiotic characteristics of all Salmonella strains in the country along with the associated serotypes.(⁷)
Salmonella bacteria treatment
The primary treatment for salmonella is to treat diarrhea by means of solutions containing salts and sugar, by an oral method or in severe cases – intravenously. Treatment with antibiotics does not reduce the period of diarrhea. It is needed to treat people with background diseases or whose contamination has spread in the blood, or in sites outside the digestive system. (⁸)
Conclusion
Salmonella is a bacillus , very common in nature and in many organisms. There are more than 2,000 different varieties of them, and more than 200 of them cause diseases in humans. Therefore, secondary infections may occur. Infection with this bacterium is orally (orally), in general, through the ingestion of food and / or water contaminated with the virus. This germ can contaminate food and poison it in a way that affects thousands of patients.
Research of Salmonella bacteria in word (pdf)
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References
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- Kingsley RA, Bäumler AJ. Host variation and the emergence of an irresistible infection: the worldview of salmonella. Atomic Microbiology 2000; 36: 1006-14.
